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“六度空间”理论“六度空间”理论又称作六度分隔(Six Degrees of Separation)理论。这个理论可以通俗地阐述为：“你和任何一个陌生人之间所间隔的人不会超过六个，也就是说，最多通过六个人你就能够认识任何一个陌生人。”该理论产生于20世纪60年代年代，由一个美国心理学家米尔格伦提出来的。 1998年初，康奈尔大学的两名研究者通过构建社会网络的数学模式---“小世界模型”，解释了六十亿人如何靠着六条“联系”与别人相连，从而开辟了社会网络研究的源头。 对于这个理论，我并没有通过数学模型那么复杂的方法去验证。我用了一种较为粗略的方法：既然两个人之间由六个人介绍，那么他们一定是通过了七次介绍，现在世界人口是65亿，我对65亿开七次方根，结果是25.2257，我们就算26个，那么如果满足六度空间的结论，每个人至少和社会中的26个人有联系----至少是可以介绍的那种。 26个联系，我觉得是个非常保守的数字：学校里每个班的学生就有50多个，一个人的亲属也有20多个，再加上同事，100个应该是有的。所以六度空间的结论是值得相信的。 而如果按照26个联系去计算，五度空间可以覆盖的人群大约是3亿，四度空间是1千万。日本人口约为1.3亿，所以两个日本人之间只需要5个人去介绍，成都人口是1千万，两个成都人之间只需要4个人去介绍。 上面的推断也许不够科学和严谨，其中可能发生重复的情形没有考虑进去，但我觉得这对理解六度空间来说，已经足够了。 我觉得六度空间理论是哲学中普遍联系理论极好的注解。上学时，哲学课中有个物质之间存在普遍联系的规律，那时老师讲了很多例子，大家还是感觉很懵懂，如果有六度空间理论去佐证，那就容易理解多了；当然，六度空间的结论和社会中人和人之间的普遍联系是分不开的，没有最起码的26个联系人，六度空间的结果是不可能存在。 六度空间的结论也说明指数运算是一种可怕的运算，因为在7和26的各种运算中，只有指数运算能超过65亿，而乘法的结果还不到200。学过计算机语言大多知道有个汉诺塔问题，也能证明指数的可怕： 汉诺塔问题是一道典型递归调用，但谁也不敢把层数设计为64，因为运行的时间太长，如果无法退出，电脑将会死机。这个问题的结果约是2的64次方，如果每次移动移动需要1秒，移完这些金片需要5800多亿年，比地球寿命还长，当前最快的计算机也不能模拟64层的汉诺塔。类似的故事还有舍罕王用棋盘奖励宰相粮食的传说，当然，结果同样是大的可怕的天文数字-----国王奖励给宰相的粮食超过人类世界两千年农业产量。 指数运算的确是一种可怕的运算，人们习以为常的几十个经常联系的人，通过指数运算的7次推演居然能联系到世界上的每一个人，形成了这个这个既让人吃惊而又不得不信服的“六度空间”理论 通过正版windows验证的四种方法WINDOWS XP自动在线升级不能进行了，因为通不过正版windows验证。没办法，搜索网站，从这个网站发现了三种方法： １。教你通过windows的正版验证(不改一字,只打个勾) ２。由于现在微软开始实行“Windows 正版增值计划”，需要验证您的 Windows 软件是否为正版，否则不能下载更新及一些增值软件。（部分VOL大客户版也不行）到http://www.microsoft.com/resources/howtotell/zh-chs/windows/default.mspx网站进入验证，下载并安装正版验证补丁，进入验证。如果你验证通过就下载恭喜你不用继续以下部分了。否则打开C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Windows Genuine Advantage\data文件夹，删除原来的data.dat文件，再新建一个文本文件，内容任意（不写任何字也可以），将其保存为data.dat(注意扩展名）。并修改这个dat文件为只读属性（关键）。通过Update网站、正版特别提供网站及下载中心站点正版下载的检验，都PASS。 ３。如果上面两种方法都无效，那就利用这个CDKEY来通过验证！ 点击下载此文件 ４。更绝的办法就是从９down.com 那里得到的，全文如下： Instructions: 我亲自试过了，第一种方法没有通过。用的第二种方法通过的。不过，第三种方法绝对能通过。第四种方法大家可一试。天才想法！ 本文转自：http://www.paimm.com/blog/user1/1/archives/2006/824.shtml 作者：bioguider 发表于 2006-5-21 19:37:14 [转]把“女友”升级为“老婆”的时候发生的bug 亲爱的技术支持： 我急需您的帮助。我最近将“女朋友7.0”升级到“妻子1.0”，发现这个新程序意外地启动了孩子生产程序，而且占用了大量的空间和珍贵的资源。这在产品的使用手册中没有提到。此外“妻子1.0”自动将自己安装到其他的所有的程序中，它随系统同时启动，监控整个系统的状态。男人夜出2.5”和“高尔夫5.3”无法再运行，一旦运行该程序系统即行崩溃。试图运行“周日足球6.3”经常失败，而“周六购物7.1”却代之运行。看来我无法保留“妻子1.0”，因为它和我喜欢运行的任何程序都不相容。我打算回到“女朋友7.0”，可是这个程序又无法卸载。 请您帮帮我吧！ 乔 给乔的回信: 亲爱的乔： 这是个很普通的问题，产生于你对基本原理的不了解。 很多的男人将“女朋友7.0”升级到“妻子1.0”，以为“妻子1.0”是一个“实用与娱乐程序”。然而“妻子1.0”却是个操作系统，是被设计用来运行所有程序的。你不可能清除“妻子1.0”，也不可能回到“女朋友7.0”，因为“妻子1.0”的设计中不具有这个功能，无论是卸载、删除或是清除已经安装在系统中的这些程序文件，都是不可能的。 有些人曾试图安装“女朋友8.0”或者“妻子2.0”，结果是产生了更多的问题(参见手册中的赡养费/孩子的养育/律师费用)。我安装过“妻子1.0”，我建议你保持现在的安装状态，妥善解决遇到的困难。 当任何错误或问题出现的时候，不论你认为是什么原因引起的，你必须运行“C:＼我道歉”程序，并且避免使用“退出键”。必要时可能需要运行“C：＼我道歉”多次，希望最终能使*作系统恢复到初始状态。 “妻子1.0”虽然是一个需要高保养的程序，但同时对人可能是非常有益的。充分地利用它，需要买些额外的软件比如“鲜花2.0”和“巧克力5.0”。 不要在任何情况下安装“秘书(短裙版)”，因为“妻子1.0”不支持这种程序，而且系统多数时候肯定会崩溃 本文章转自www.pconline.com.cn论坛 作者:萨顶顶 HK 归来玩的很high～～～～～
好开心的度过了3天假期，enjoy～～～～
CCNA-4- Version 2 - ======================================================================================================== Refer to the exhibit. How many broadcast domains are shown? *Three ==================================================== When using Category 5 UTP cable, which RJ-45 pin pairs are used to exchange data between hosts on an Ethernet network? *1 and 2; 3 and 6 ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator has configuredF a network after subnetting the network number 192.168.0.0/28. Workstation 1 is not able to communicate with Workstation 2. What is the cause of this loss in communications? *Workstation 1 is not on the same network that the Router 1 LAN interface is on. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The hub and the switch are operating using factory default settings. Which hosts will receive the frame if host A transmits a broadcast frame? *Workstations B, C, D, E, and the router will receive the data. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network associate needs to establish an Ethernet connection between Host A and Host B. However, the distance between the two hosts is further than the cabling standards allow. Which two devices that operate at the physical layer of the OSI can be used to allow Host A and Host B to communicate? (Choose two.) *hub *repeater ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network technician is trying to determine the correct IP address configuration for Host A. What is a valid configuration for Host A? IP address: 192.168.100.20; Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.240; Default Gateway: 192.168.100.17 ==================================================== Which devices will create multiple collision domains in an Ethernet network? (Choose two.) *switch *router ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What is the order of the TCP/IP Protocol Data Units as data is moved as indicated through the OSI model? *bits, frames, packets, segments, data ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The connections in the exhibit are labeled A through E. Which of these indicate LAN links? (Choose two.) *link A *link E ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which type of UTP cable should be used to connect Host A to Switch1? *straight-through ==================================================== ｂａｓｅd on the graphic above, which of the following occurs as each host system comes on line in the topology? *The switch adds MAC address to the bridge table as each host sends a frame. ==================================================== How does a switch learn the addresses of hosts connected to its ports? *The switch reads the source MAC address on incoming frames and records it in CAM. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which diagram represents the network topology that an administrator would prefer, and why would the administrator prefer it? *Diagram A. It will better provide available bandwidth to the hosts. ==================================================== After an unsuccessful ping to the local router, the technician decides to investigate the router. The technician observes that the lights and fan on the router are not operational. In which layer of the OSI model is the problem most likely occurring? *physical ==================================================== A user initiates three simultaneous FTP connections from the local host to the same FTP server. Which OSI layer is responsible for establishing and managing these different FTP connections? *session ==================================================== Which technologies are considered to be LAN technologies? (Choose two.) *Token Ring *Ethernet ==================================================== A router interface has been assigned an IP address of 172.16.192.166 with a mask of 255.255.255.248. To which subnet does the IP address belong? *172.16.192.160 ==================================================== What is the correct number of usable subnetworks and hosts for the IP network address 192.168.35.0 subnetted with a /28 mask? *14 networks / 14 hosts ==================================================== In the exhibit, the connections between the devices are labeled A, B, C, D, and E. For each connection, what is the correct UTP cable to use? *A=rollover, B=straight, C=straight, D=crossover, E=crossover ==================================================== A network administrator has added a new switch to the network. The new switch connects to an existing switch that is already installed. Which UTP cable correctly connects the new switch to the existing switch? *crossover ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What must be configured on Host B to allow it to communicate with the file server? (Choose three.) *a unique host IP address *the subnet mask for the LAN *the default gateway address ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Host A pings Host B. What can be concluded about the source and destination addresses contained in the communication sent by Router R5 when it forwards the ping out the Ethernet interface to Host B? (Choose two.) *source MAC address: 5555.AAAA.6666 *destination IP address: 192.168.10.134 ==================================================== What is the decimal representation of the binary number 11111000? *248 ==================================================== A large company has a network that is constantly changing. The routing tables in the routers need to be adjusted to reflect the changes in the routing paths. What type of routing would the network administrator implement? *dynamic routing protocols ==================================================== Which network device creates the highest amount of latency? *router ==================================================== Why do vendors utilize the OSI model when designing networking products? *It ensures greater compatibility and interoperability with equipment from different vendors. ==================================================== Which type of address is 192.168.170.112/28? *subnetwork address ==================================================== A router determines the path to deliver a packet. What layer of the OSI model does this fact represent? *network ==================================================== What are important characteristics to consider when purchasing a network interface card? (Choose two.) *media used on the network *system bus used on the computer ==================================================== Which subnet masks could be used when subnetting a Class B IP address? (Choose two.) *255.255.255.240 *255.255.192.0 ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator wants to create a subnet for the point-to-point connection between the two routers. Which subnetwork mask would provide enough addresses for the point-to-point link with the least number of wasted addresses? *255.255.255.252 ==================================================== Which characteristics are common to both UDP and TCP? (Choose two.) *uses port numbers *classified as a transport layer protocol ==================================================== Two peer hosts are exchanging data using TFTP. During the current session, a devices fails to arrive at the destination. Which statement is true regarding the retransmission of the devices? *devices retransmission is controlled by the application. ==================================================== Which protocols are TCP/IP application layer protocols? (Choose two.) *TFTP *DNS ==================================================== Which of the following statements are correct about CSMA/CD? (Choose three.) *It is a media access method used in LANs. *When a device needs to transmit, it checks to see if the media is available. *Only one device can successfully transmit at a time. ==================================================== Consider the networks shown in the exhibit. Host A is sending packets to host B. Which layer of the OSI model is being used when the router is making the calculated decision to determine which interface to send the packet out? *network ==================================================== An Ethernet host receives a frame, calculates the FCS, and compares the calculated FCS to the FCS received in the frame. The host finds that the two FCS values do not match. What action will be taken by the host? *The host discards the frame. ==================================================== A computer technician is asked to make a network cable. One end of the cable is pinned as a 568A and the other as a 568B. For what purhuhus can this cable be used? (Choose two.) *to connect a switch to a switch *to connect a hub to a switch ==================================================== Why would a company install a switch instead of a hub when building or expanding a corporate network? *A switch provides more bandwidth by sending frames only out the port to which the destination device is attached. A hub sends the frame out all ports except the source port. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A newly hired technician has a task of terminating CAT 5 UTP cables. The network administrator visually examined the cables the technician terminated. Some of the cables have connectors as shown in the exhibit. What should the network administrator explain to the technician about the cables? *The cable in Graphic A will produce more crosstalk. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What kind of Ethernet cable is represented? *straight-through cable ==================================================== Which cable diagram displays the end to end pinout for a crossover cable used with Cisco devices? *Cable C ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Workstation 1 pings the Fa0/1 interface of Router 1. Which MAC address will workstation 1 obtain during the ARP request for this communication? *00-08-A3-B6-CE-02 ==================================================== A technician is testing connectivity between the devices using the ping command. Pings between Host B and Host A were successful. The technician could not ping the R3 address 172.16.3.2 from Host A. The technician issued ipconfig from Host A and saw the information displayed in the exhibit. What is the most likely problem? *The default gateway of Host A is incorrect. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The physical documentation shows a portion of the internetwork of the ABC Company. Which segments will be free of collisions? *segments 3, 4, and 5 ==================================================== The ping command can be used to test connectivity between hosts. Which OSI model layers are verified by this test? *Layers 1, 2 and 3 ==================================================== Which physical network topology is easy to monitor and troubleshoot, easy to add new devices to as the network expands, but subject to complete failure when a central hub or switch ceases to work? *star ==================================================== A network administrator has installed a 24 port switch and connected 10 computers with 10/100 NICs. If the NICs are operating at 100 Mbps, how much bandwidth is available for each computer to receive data? *100 Mbps ==================================================== How many collision domains are shown in the diagram? *seven - Version 3 -
======================================================================================================== Refer to the exhibit. How many broadcast domains are shown? *Three ==================================================== When using Category 5 UTP cable, which RJ-45 pin pairs are used to exchange data between hosts on an Ethernet network? *1 and 2; 3 and 6 ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator has configured a network after subnetting the network number 192.168.0.0/28. Workstation 1 is not able to communicate with Workstation 2. What is the cause of this loss in communications? *Workstation 1 is not on the same network that the Router 1 LAN interface is on. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The hub and the switch are operating using factory default settings. Which hosts will receive the frame if host A transmits a broadcast frame? *Workstations B, C, D, E, and the router will receive the data. ================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network associate needs to establish an Ethernet connection between Host A and Host B. However, the distance between the two hosts is further than the cabling standards allow. Which two devices that operate at the physical layer of the OSI can be used to allow Host A and Host B to communicate? (Choose two.) *hub*********** *repeater*********** ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network technician is trying to determine the correct IP address configuration for Host A. What is a valid configuration for Host A? IP address: 192.168.100.20; Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.240; Default Gateway: 192.168.100.17 ==================================================== Which devices will create multiple collision domains in an Ethernet network? (Choose two.) *switch
*router ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What is the order of the TCP/IP Protocol Data Units as data is moved as indicated through the OSI model? *bits, frames, packets, segments, data ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The connections in the exhibit are labeled A through E. Which of these indicate LAN links? (Choose two.) *link A *link E
==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which type of UTP cable should be used to connect Host A to Switch1? *straight-through ==================================================== A wireless workstation must scan to find an available access point. What are two characteristics of a wireless workstation in passive scanning mode? (Choose two.) *The wireless node listens for beacons from an access point advertising an SSID and then attempts to join the network
*The wireless node listens for a beacon from an access point with the same WEP key and is allowed to authenticate to the WLAN.
==================================================== ｂａｓｅd on the graphic above, which of the following occurs as each host system comes on line in the topology? *The switch adds MAC address to the bridge table as each host sends a frame. ==================================================== How does a switch learn the addresses of hosts connected to its ports? *The switch reads the source MAC address on incoming frames and records it in CAM. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which diagram represents the network topology that an administrator would prefer, and why would the administrator prefer it? *Diagram A. It will better provide available bandwidth to the hosts. ==================================================== After an unsuccessful ping to the local router, the technician decides to investigate the router. The technician observes that the lights and fan on the router are not operational. In which layer of the OSI model is the problem most likely occurring? *physical ==================================================== A user initiates three simultaneous FTP connections from the local host to the same FTP server. Which OSI layer is responsible for establishing and managing these different FTP connections? *session ==================================================== Which technologies are considered to be LAN technologies? (Choose two.) *Token Ring
*Ethernet ==================================================== A router interface has been assigned an IP address of 172.16.192.166 with a mask of 255.255.255.248. To which subnet does the IP address belong? *172.16.192.160 ==================================================== What is the correct number of usable subnetworks and hosts for the IP network address 192.168.35.0 subnetted with a /28 mask? *14 networks / 14 hosts ==================================================== In the exhibit, the connections between the devices are labeled A, B, C, D, and E. For each connection, what is the correct UTP cable to use? A=rollover, B=straight, C=straight, D=crossover, E=crossover ==================================================== A network administrator has added a new switch to the network. The new switch connects to an existing switch that is already installed. Which UTP cable correctly connects the new switch to the existing switch? *crossover ==================================================== How many collision domains are shown in the diagram? *three ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What must be configured on Host B to allow it to communicate with the file server? (Choose three.) *a unique host IP address
*the subnet mask for the LAN *the default gateway address ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Host A pings Host B. What can be concluded about the source and destination addresses contained in the communication sent by Router R5 when it forwards the ping out the Ethernet interface to Host B? (Choose two.) *source MAC address: 5555.AAAA.6666 *destination IP address: 192.168.10.134 ==================================================== What is the decimal representation of the binary number 11111000? *248 ==================================================== 26 A large company has a network that is constantly changing. The routing tables in the routers need to be adjusted to reflect the changes in the routing paths. What type of routing would the network administrator implement? *dynamic routing protocols CCNA-3- Version 5 - ======================================================================================================== Refer to the exhibit. How many broadcast domains are shown? *Three ==================================================== When using Category 5 UTP cable, which RJ-45 pin pairs are used to exchange data between hosts on an Ethernet network? *1 and 2; 3 and 6 ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator has configured a network after subnetting the network number 192.168.0.0/28. Workstation 1 is not able to communicate with Workstation 2. What is the cause of this loss in communications? *Workstation 1 is not on the same network that the Router 1 LAN interface is on. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The hub and the switch are operating using factory default settings. Which hosts will receive the frame if host A transmits a broadcast frame? *Workstations B, C, D, E, and the router will receive the data. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network associate needs to establish an Ethernet connection between Host A and Host B. However, the distance between the two hosts is further than the cabling standards allow. Which two devices that operate at the physical layer of the OSI can be used to allow Host A and Host B to communicate? (Choose two.) *hub *repeater ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network technician is trying to determine the correct IP address configuration for Host A. What is a valid configuration for Host A? *IP address: 192.168.100.20; Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.240; Default Gateway: 192.168.100.17 ==================================================== Which devices will create multiple collision domains in an Ethernet network? (Choose two.) *switch *router ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What is the order of the TCP/IP Protocol Data Units as data is moved as indicated through the OSI model? *bits, frames, packets, segments, data ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The connections in the exhibit are labeled A through E. Which of these indicate LAN links? (Choose two.) *link A *link E ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which type of UTP cable should be used to connect Host A to Switch1? *straight-through ==================================================== A wireless workstation must scan to find an available access point. What are two characteristics of a wireless workstation in passive scanning mode? (Choose two.) *The wireless node listens for beacons from an access point advertising an SSID and then attempts to join the network. *The wireless node listens for a beacon from an access point with the same WEP key and is allowed to authenticate to the WLAN. ==================================================== ｂａｓｅd on the graphic above, which of the following occurs as each host system comes on line in the topology? *The switch adds MAC address to the bridge table as each host sends a frame. ==================================================== How does a switch learn the addresses of hosts connected to its ports? *The switch reads the source MAC address on incoming frames and records it in CAM. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which diagram represents the network topology that an administrator would prefer, and why would the administrator prefer it? *Diagram A. It will better provide available bandwidth to the hosts. ==================================================== After an unsuccessful ping to the local router, the technician decides to investigate the router. The technician observes that the lights and fan on the router are not operational. In which layer of the OSI model is the problem most likely occurring? *physical ==================================================== A user initiates three simultaneous FTP connections from the local host to the same FTP server. Which OSI layer is responsible for establishing and managing these different FTP connections? *session ==================================================== Which technologies are considered to be LAN technologies? (Choose two.) *Token Ring *Ethernet ==================================================== A router interface has been assigned an IP address of 172.16.192.166 with a mask of 255.255.255.248. To which subnet does the IP address belong? *172.16.192.160 ==================================================== What is the correct number of usable subnetworks and hosts for the IP network address 192.168.35.0 subnetted with a /28 mask? *14 networks / 14 hosts ==================================================== In the exhibit, the connections between the devices are labeled A, B, C, D, and E. For each connection, what is the correct UTP cable to use? *A=rollover, B=straight, C=straight, D=crossover, E=crossover ==================================================== A network administrator has added a new switch to the network. The new switch connects to an existing switch that is already installed. Which UTP cable correctly connects the new switch to the existing switch? *crossover ==================================================== How many collision domains are shown in the diagram? *seven ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What must be configured on Host B to allow it to communicate with the file server? (Choose three.) *a unique host IP address *the subnet mask for the LAN *the default gateway address ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Host A pings Host B. What can be concluded about the source and destination addresses contained in the communication sent by Router R5 when it forwards the ping out the Ethernet interface to Host B? (Choose two.) *source MAC address: 5555.AAAA.6666 *destination IP address: 192.168.10.134 ==================================================== What is the decimal representation of the binary number 11111000? *248 ==================================================== A large company has a network that is constantly changing. The routing tables in the routers need to be adjusted to reflect the changes in the routing paths. What type of routing would the network administrator implement? *dynamic routing protocols ==================================================== Which network device creates the highest amount of latency? *router ==================================================== Why do vendors utilize the OSI model when designing networking products? *It ensures greater compatibility and interoperability with equipment from different vendors. ==================================================== Which type of address is 192.168.170.112/28? *subnetwork address ==================================================== A router determines the path to deliver a packet. What layer of the OSI model does this fact represent? *network ==================================================== What are important characteristics to consider when purchasing a network interface card? (Choose two.) *media used on the network *system bus used on the computer ==================================================== Which subnet masks could be used when subnetting a Class B IP address? (Choose two.) *255.255.255.240 *255.255.192.0 ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator wants to create a subnet for the point-to-point connection between the two routers. Which subnetwork mask would provide enough addresses for the point-to-point link with the least number of wasted addresses? *255.255.255.252 ==================================================== Which characteristics are common to both UDP and TCP? (Choose two.) *uses port numbers *classified as a transport layer protocol ==================================================== Refer to the diagram. Which statements describe the transfer of data between Host A and the HTTP server? (Choose three.) *Host A uses UDP and creates a three-way handshake to synchronize sequence numbers. Window sizes are the same at the source and destination. The number of acknowledgments sent is less than or equal to the number of data segments received. *Host A uses TCP and creates segments of data. Destination port numbers are assigned dynamically and the source port number will be fixed to 80. *The transport layer is responsible for information flow control as well as establishing, maintaining, and terminating virtual connections between the client and server. ==================================================== Two peer hosts are exchanging data using TFTP. During the current session, a Cisco devices fails to arrive at the destination. Which statement is true regarding the retransmission of the Cisco devices? *Cisco devices retransmission is controlled by the application. ==================================================== Which protocols are TCP/IP application layer protocols? (Choose two.) *TFTP *DNS ==================================================== Which of the following statements are correct about CSMA/CD? (Choose three.) *It is a media access method used in LANs. *When a device needs to transmit, it checks to see if the media is available. * Only one device can successfully transmit at a time. ==================================================== Consider the networks shown in the exhibit. Host A is sending packets to host B. Which layer of the OSI model is being used when the router is making the calculated decision to determine which interface to send the packet out? *network ==================================================== An Ethernet host receives a frame, calculates the FCS, and compares the calculated FCS to the FCS received in the frame. The host finds that the two FCS values do not match. What action will be taken by the host? *The host discards the frame. ==================================================== A computer technician is asked to make a network cable. One end of the cable is pinned as a 568A and the other as a 568B. For what purhuhus can this cable be used? (Choose two.) *to connect a switch to a switch *to connect a hub to a switch ==================================================== Why would a company install a switch instead of a hub when building or expanding a corporate network? *A switch provides more bandwidth by sending frames only out the port to which the destination device is attached. A hub sends the frame out all ports except the source port. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A newly hired technician has a task of terminating CAT 5 UTP cables. The network administrator visually examined the cables the technician terminated. Some of the cables have connectors as shown in the exhibit. What should the network administrator explain to the technician about the cables? *The cable in Graphic A will produce more crosstalk. ==================================================== Refer to the topology in the graphic. Which characteristic does this type of topology possess? *Communication continues in the event of a break in any one connection. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What kind of Ethernet cable is represented? *straight-through cable ==================================================== Which cable diagram displays the end to end pinout for a crossover cable used with Cisco devices? *Cable C ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Workstation 1 pings the Fa0/1 interface of Router 1. Which MAC address will workstation 1 obtain during the ARP request for this communication? *00-08-A3-B6-CE-02 ==================================================== A technician is testing connectivity between the devices using the ping command. Pings between Host B and Host A were successful. The technician could not ping the R3 address 172.16.3.2 from Host A. The technician issued ipconfig from Host A and saw the information displayed in the exhibit. What is the most likely problem? *The default gateway of Host A is incorrect. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The physical documentation shows a portion of the internetwork of the ABC Company. Which segments will be free of collisions? *segments 3, 4, and 5 ==================================================== The ping command can be used to test connectivity between hosts. Which OSI model layers are verified by this test? *Layers 1, 2 and 3 ==================================================== Which physical network topology is easy to monitor and troubleshoot, easy to add new devices to as the network expands, but subject to complete failure when a central hub or switch ceases to work? *star ==================================================== A network administrator has installed a 24 port switch and connected 10 computers with 10/100 NICs. If the NICs are operating at 100 Mbps, how much bandwidth is available for each computer to receive data? *100 Mbps CCNA-2- Version 4 - ======================================================================================================== Which cable diagram displays the end to end pinout for a console cable used with Cisco devices? *Cable B ==================================================== How many broadcast domains are shown in the diagram? *three ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. How many collision domains are present in the topology? *6 ==================================================== What can be verified by successfully pinging the reserved loopback address on a host? *The TCP/IP stack of the local host is installed correctly. ==================================================== When using Category 5 UTP cable, which RJ-45 pin pairs are used to exchange data between hosts on an Ethernet network? *1 and 2; 3 and 6 ==================================================== A collision has occurred on an Ethernet network. Which three statements explain the CSMA/CD process? (Choose three.) *After the jam signal, all transmission stops for a random period.
*When the backoff period expires, each host checks to see whether the networking media is idle and then attempts to transmit. *When the collision is detected, the hosts continue to transmit using a jam pattern for a short time to ensure that all hosts detect the collision. ==================================================== A workstation is browsing a web server. What will be the partial contents of the segment sent from the workstation to the web server? *source port 1026, destination port 80, sequence number 1, ack number 0 ==================================================== Which protocols are TCP/IP application layer protocols? (Choose two.) *FTP
*SMTP ==================================================== A company has the following addressing scheme requirements: -currently has 25 subnets -uses a Class B IP address -has a maximum of 300 computers on any network segment -needs to leave the fewest unused addresses in each subnet What subnet mask is appropriate to use in this company? *255.255.254.0 ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Host A has been added to the network. However, host A cannot communicate with the server B or the Internet. All cables have been tested and are functioning to standards. At which layer of the OSI model is this problem occurring? *Layer 3 ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Workstation 1 pings the Fa0/1 interface of Router 1. Which MAC address will workstation 1 obtain during the ARP request for this communication? *00-08-A3-B6-CE-02 ==================================================== When the receiving workstation detects an error in the data it has received, it does not acknowledge receipt of the data. The source workstation retransmits the unacknowledged data. Which layer of the OSI model supports this process of retransmission? *transport ==================================================== Which subnet masks would be valid for a subnetted Class B address? (Choose two.) *255.255.252.0
*255.255.255.192 ==================================================== A network user is using the FTP protocol to transfer data from the local host to an FTP server. The local host is also using the SNMP protocol to report the system status to the network management system. Which statement describes the communication from the host? *FTP uses TCP to establish a session before any data is transferred. ================================================== A NIC of a computer has been assigned an IP address of 172.31.192.166 with a mask of 255.255.255.248. To which subnet does the IP address belong? *172.31.192.160 ==================================================== Which devices segment collision domains? (Choose two.) *router
*switch ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which type of Category 5 cable is used to make an Ethernet connection between Host A and Host B? *crossover cable ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. In an attempt to use a uniform subnet mask, the administrator selects the mask 255.255.255.240 for the exhibited networks. What is a possible problem with this addressing scheme? *Too many addresses will be reserved for hosts on the Ethernet networks.
==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What must be configured on Host B to allow it to communicate with the Host C? (Choose three.) *a unique host IP address
*the default gateway address *the subnet mask for the LAN ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The connections in the exhibit are labeled A through E. Which of these indicate WAN links? (Choose three.) *link B *link C *link D ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which type of UTP cable should be used to connect Switch1 to Switch2? *crossover ==================================================== A user initiates three simultaneous FTP connections from the local host to the same FTP server. Which OSI layer is responsible for establishing and managing these different FTP connections? *session ==================================================== Which layer of the OSI model defines the process of adding the source and destination IP address to a data packet? *network ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What is the purpose of the highlighted address? *It allows the NIC to communicate with other devices on the same network. ==================================================== What is the correct number of usable subnetworks and hosts for the IP network address 192.168.99.0 subnetted with a /29 mask? *30 networks / 6 hosts ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which type of cabling should be used at each of the connection points shown? *A-straight-through B-crossover C-straight-through D-fiber E-straight-through ==================================================== Which combination of network id and subnet mask correctly identifies all IP addresses from 172.16.128.0 through 172.16.159.255? *172.16.128.0 255.255.224.0 ==================================================== Which binary number is a representation of the decimal number 248? *11111000 ==================================================== What are three characteristics of the TCP protocol? (Choose three.) *forces the retransmission of unacknowledged packets
*creates a virtual session between end-user applications *is responsible for breaking messages into segments and reassembling them at their destination ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A company needs to attach workstation E at a point 150 meters from an existing hub. What device should be placed at location D to allow the new host to connect to the network with the least amount of latency? *repeater ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. An instructor in the network class has given the students the network diagram and asks the students to select the appropriate network devices. The goals are to provide a collision-free LAN environment and to provide Internet connectivity. What is the correct design? *Replace Box 1 with a Layer 2 switch and Box 2 with a router. ==================================================== A simplified CAM table for Switch1 is shown in the exhibit. If host A sends a frame with a destination MAC address of 66C, how does the switch process this frame? *The switch sends the frame out ports 2, 3, and 4. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A newly hired technician has a task of terminating CAT 5 UTP cables. The network administrator visually examined the cables the technician terminated. Some of the cables have connectors as shown in the exhibit. What should the network administrator explain to the technician about the cables? *The cable in Graphic A will produce more crosstalk. ==================================================== Which of the following increases the potential for a collision to occur? * an increase in the number of devices attached to the hub ==================================================== Which type of address is 223.168.17.167/29? *multicast address ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The internetwork in the exhibit has been assigned the IP address 172.20.0.0. What would be the appropriate subnet mask to maximize the number of networks available for future growth? *255.255.240.0 ==================================================== Workstation A sends data to workstation B. What will have to be altered as the data passes through the router? (Choose two.) *Layer 1 bit pattern
*Layer 2 frames ==================================================== What should a network administrator consider when migrating to Gigabit Ethernet architecture from Fast Ethernet? (Choose three.) *Existing NICs might need to be upgraded.
*Existing switches might need to be upgraded. *Existing UTP must be tested for CAT 5e compatibility. ==================================================== What type of routing is it when the network administrator manually configures a route? *static ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator attempts to increase the available bandwidth for workstation A by setting the NIC to full-duplex mode. After the configuration is changed, there are increased collisions and errors occurring. Why is this occurring in the network? *The hub will be continually producing a jam signal. ==================================================== Refer to the received frame in the exhibit. In what two ways is the information from the received frame used by a switch? (Choose two.) *192.168.10.11 is left intact as the frame is forwarded.
*To make the forwarding decision, the switch looks in its switch table for address aaaa.bbbb.cccc. ==================================================== An IT administrator desires to install a Gigabit Ethernet link between the two buildings shown in the exhibit. Conflicting suggestions have been given to the administrator from a variety of sources. Which suggestion should the administrator adopt to ensure the success of this project? *A combination of UTP, repeaters, and multimode optical fiber will reach 900 meters with Gigabit Ethernet. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What is the order of the TCP/IP Protocol Data Units as data is moved as indicated through the OSI model? *data, segments, packets, frames, bits ==================================================== Which technologies are considered to be WAN technologies? (Choose two.) *DSL *Frame Relay ==================================================== Which statement describes a star topology? *Each host is connected to a hub or switch, either of which acts as a central point for all network connections. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is testing a connectivity issue in the network. The administrator discovers that host A cannot communicate with host B, host C, or RouterA. A ping command on host A to 127.0.0.1 succeeds. The NIC link indicator on host A is illuminated. Temporarily, the administrator removes the cable from host A and uses the LAN cable from host B to connect from host A to port 1 on the switch. While using the substitute cable, host A can communicate with host C and RouterA. At which layer of the OSI model was the problem occurring? *physical ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What type of cable connects the two routers together without any intermediary device? *crossover ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What is an advantage of using this type of topology? *Network communication continues in the event of a break.
==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Host A is being manually configured for connectivity to the LAN. Which two addressing scheme combinations are possible configurations that can be applied to the host for connectivity? (Choose two.) *Address - 192.168.1.14 *Gateway - 192.168.1.33 CCNA-1==================================================== Which network device creates the highest amount of latency? *router ==================================================== Why do vendors utilize the OSI model when designing networking products? *It ensures greater compatibility and interoperability with equipment from different vendors. ==================================================== Which type of address is 192.168.170.112/28? *subnetwork address ==================================================== A router determines the path to deliver a packet. What layer of the OSI model does this fact represent? network ==================================================== What are important characteristics to consider when purchasing a network interface card? (Choose two.) *media used on the network
*system bus used on the computer ==================================================== Which subnet masks could be used when subnetting a Class B IP address? (Choose two.) *255.255.255.240
*255.255.192.0 ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator wants to create a subnet for the point-to-point connection between the two routers. Which subnetwork mask would provide enough addresses for the point-to-point link with the least number of wasted addresses? *255.255.255.252 ==================================================== Which characteristics are common to both UDP and TCP? (Choose two.) *uses port numbers
*classified as a transport layer protocol ==================================================== Refer to the diagram. Which statements describe the transfer of data between Host A and the HTTP server? (Choose three.) Host A uses UDP and creates a three-way handshake to synchronize sequence numbers. Window sizes are the same at the source and destination. The number of acknowledgments sent is less than or equal to the number of data segments received.
*Host A uses TCP and creates segments of data. Destination port numbers are assigned dynamically and the source port number will be fixed to 80. *The transport layer is responsible for information flow control as well as establishing, maintaining, and terminating virtual connections between the client and server. ==================================================== Two peer hosts are exchanging data using TFTP. During the current session, a Cisco devices fails to arrive at the destination. Which statement is true regarding the retransmission of the Cisco devices? *Cisco devices retransmission is controlled by the application. ==================================================== Which protocols are TCP/IP application layer protocols? (Choose two.) *TFTP
*DNS ==================================================== Which of the following statements are correct about CSMA/CD? (Choose three.) *It is a media access method used in LANs.
*When a device needs to transmit, it checks to see if the media is available. *Only one device can successfully transmit at a time. ==================================================== Consider the networks shown in the exhibit. Host A is sending packets to host B. Which layer of the OSI model is being used when the router is making the calculated decision to determine which interface to send the packet out? *network ==================================================== An Ethernet host receives a frame, calculates the FCS, and compares the calculated FCS to the FCS received in the frame. The host finds that the two FCS values do not match. What action will be taken by the host? * The host discards the frame. ==================================================== A computer technician is asked to make a network cable. One end of the cable is pinned as a 568A and the other as a 568B. For what purhuhus can this cable be used? (Choose two.) *to connect a switch to a switch *to connect a hub to a switch ==================================================== Why would a company install a switch instead of a hub when building or expanding a corporate network? *A switch provides more bandwidth by sending frames only out the port to which the destination device is attached. A hub sends the frame out all ports except the source port. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A newly hired technician has a task of terminating CAT 5 UTP cables. The network administrator visually examined the cables the technician terminated. Some of the cables have connectors as shown in the exhibit. What should the network administrator explain to the technician about the cables? *The cable in Graphic A will produce more crosstalk. ==================================================== Refer to the topology in the graphic. Which characteristic does this type of topology possess? *Communication continues in the event of a break in any one connection ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What kind of Ethernet cable is represented? *straight-through cable ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Workstation 1 pings the Fa0/1 interface of Router 1. Which MAC address will workstation 1 obtain during the ARP request for this communication? *00-08-A3-B6-CE-02 ==================================================== A technician is testing connectivity between the devices using the ping command. Pings between Host B and Host A were successful. The technician could not ping the R3 address 172.16.3.2 from Host A. The technician issued ipconfig from Host A and saw the information displayed in the exhibit. What is the most likely problem? *The default gateway of Host A is incorrect. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The physical documentation shows a portion of the internetwork of the ABC Company. Which segments will be free of collisions? *segments 3, 4, and 5 ==================================================== The ping command can be used to test connectivity between hosts. Which OSI model layers are verified by this test? *Layers 1, 2 and 3*********** ==================================================== Which physical network topology is easy to monitor and troubleshoot, easy to add new devices to as the network expands, but subject to complete failure when a central hub or switch ceases to work? *star ==================================================== A network administrator has installed a 24 port switch and connected 10 computers with 10/100 NICs. If the NICs are operating at 100 Mbps, how much bandwidth is available for each computer to receive data? *100 Mbps ==================================================== CCNAWhich cable diagram displays the end to end pinout for a console cable used with Cisco devices? *Cable B ==================================================== How many broadcast domains are shown in the diagram? *three ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What device does Device X represent in the graphic to allow PC1 to ping PC4? *router ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. How many collision domains are present in the topology? *6 ==================================================== What can be verified by successfully pinging the reserved loopback address on a host? *The TCP/IP stack of the local host is installed correctly. ==================================================== When using Category 5 UTP cable, which RJ-45 pin pairs are used to exchange data between hosts on an Ethernet network? *1 and 2; 3 and 6 ==================================================== A collision has occurred on an Ethernet network. Which three statements explain the CSMA/CD process? (Choose three.) *After the jam signal, all transmission stops for a random period. *When the backoff period expires, each host checks to see whether the networking media is idle and then attempts to transmit. *When the collision is detected, the hosts continue to transmit using a jam pattern for a short time to ensure that all hosts detect the collision. ==================================================== A workstation is browsing a web server. What will be the partial contents of the segment sent from the workstation to the web server? *source port 1026, destination port 80, sequence number 1, ack number 0 ==================================================== Which protocols are TCP/IP application layer protocols? (Choose two.) *FTP *SMTP ==================================================== A company has the following addressing scheme requirements: -currently has 25 subnets-uses a Class B IP address-has a maximum of 300 computers on any network segment-needs to leave the fewest unused addresses in each subnet What subnet mask is appropriate to use in this company? *255.255.254.0 ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Host A has been added to the network. However, host A cannot communicate with the server B or the Internet. All cables have been tested and are functioning to standards. At which layer of the OSI model is this problem occurring? *Layer 3 ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Workstation 1 pings the Fa0/1 interface of Router 1. Which MAC address will workstation 1 obtain during the ARP request for this communication? *00-08-A3-B6-CE-02 ==================================================== When the receiving workstation detects an error in the data it has received, it does not acknowledge receipt of the data. The source workstation retransmits the unacknowledged data. Which layer of the OSI model supports this process of retransmission? *transport ==================================================== Which subnet masks would be valid for a subnetted Class B address? (Choose two.) *255.255.252.0 *255.255.255.192 ==================================================== A network user is using the FTP protocol to transfer data from the local host to an FTP server. The local host is also using the SNMP protocol to report the system status to the network management system. Which statement describes the communication from the host? *FTP uses TCP to establish a session before any data is transferred. ==================================================== A NIC of a computer has been assigned an IP address of 172.31.192.166 with a mask of 255.255.255.248. To which subnet does the IP address belong? *172.31.192.160 ==================================================== Which devices segment collision domains? (Choose two.) *switch ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which type of Category 5 cable is used to make an Ethernet connection between Host A and Host B? *crossover cable ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What must be configured on Host B to allow it to communicate with the Host C? (Choose three.) *a unique host IP address *the default gateway address *the subnet mask for the LAN ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The connections in the exhibit are labeled A through E. Which of these indicate WAN links? (Choose three.) *link B *link C *link D ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which type of UTP cable should be used to connect Switch1 to Switch2? *crossover ==================================================== A user initiates three simultaneous FTP connections from the local host to the same FTP server. Which OSI layer is responsible for establishing and managing these different FTP connections? *session ==================================================== Which layer of the OSI model defines the process of adding the source and destination IP address to a data packet? *network ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What is the purpose of the highlighted address? *It allows the NIC to communicate with other devices on the same network. ==================================================== What is the correct number of usable subnetworks and hosts for the IP network address 192.168.99.0 subnetted with a /29 mask? *30 networks / 6 hosts ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Which type of cabling should be used at each of the connection points shown? *A-straight-through B-crossover C-straight-through D-fiber E-straight-through ==================================================== Which combination of network id and subnet mask correctly identifies all IP addresses from 172.16.128.0 through 172.16.159.255? *172.16.128.0 255.255.224.0 ==================================================== Which binary number is a representation of the decimal number 248? *11111000 ==================================================== What are three characteristics of the TCP protocol? (Choose three.) *forces the retransmission of unacknowledged packets *creates a virtual session between end-user applications *is responsible for breaking messages into segments and reassembling them at their destination ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A company needs to attach workstation E at a point 150 meters from an existing hub. What device should be placed at location D to allow the new host to connect to the network with the least amount of latency? *repeater ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. An instructor in the network class has given the students the network diagram and asks the students to select the appropriate network devices. The goals are to provide a collision-free LAN environment and to provide Internet connectivity. What is the correct design? *Replace Box 1 with a Layer 2 switch and Box 2 with a router. ==================================================== A simplified CAM table for Switch1 is shown in the exhibit. If host A sends a frame with a destination MAC address of 66C, how does the switch process this frame? *The switch sends the frame out ports 2, 3, and 4. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A newly hired technician has a task of terminating CAT 5 UTP cables. The network administrator visually examined the cables the technician terminated. Some of the cables have connectors as shown in the exhibit. What should the network administrator explain to the technician about the cables? *The cable in Graphic A will produce more crosstalk. ==================================================== Which of the following increases the potential for a collision to occur? * an increase in the number of devices attached to the hub ==================================================== Which type of address is 223.168.17.167/29? *multicast address ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. The internetwork in the exhibit has been assigned the IP address 172.20.0.0. What would be the appropriate subnet mask to maximize the number of networks available for future growth? *255.255.252.0 ==================================================== Workstation A sends data to workstation B. What will have to be altered as the data passes through the router? (Choose two.) *Layer 1 bit pattern *Layer 2 frames ==================================================== What should a network administrator consider when migrating to Gigabit Ethernet architecture from Fast Ethernet? (Choose three.) *Existing NICs might need to be upgraded. *Existing switches might need to be upgraded. *Existing UTP must be tested for CAT 5e compatibility. ==================================================== What type of routing is it when the network administrator manually configures a route? *static ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator attempts to increase the available bandwidth for workstation A by setting the NIC to full-duplex mode. After the configuration is changed, there are increased collisions and errors occurring. Why is this occurring in the network? *The hub will be continually producing a jam signal. ==================================================== Refer to the received frame in the exhibit. In what two ways is the information from the received frame used by a switch? (Choose two.) *192.168.10.11 is left intact as the frame is forwarded. *To make the forwarding decision, the switch looks in its switch table for address aaaa.bbbb.cccc. ==================================================== An IT administrator desires to install a Gigabit Ethernet link between the two buildings shown in the exhibit. Conflicting suggestions have been given to the administrator from a variety of sources. Which suggestion should the administrator adopt to ensure the success of this project? *A combination of UTP, repeaters, and multimode optical fiber will reach 900 meters with Gigabit Ethernet. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What is the order of the TCP/IP Protocol Data Units as data is moved as indicated through the OSI model? *data, segments, packets, frames, bits ==================================================== Which technologies are considered to be WAN technologies? (Choose two.) *DSL *Frame Relay =================================================== Which statement describes a star topology? *Each host is connected to a hub or switch, either of which acts as a central point for all network connections. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is testing a connectivity issue in the network. The administrator discovers that host A cannot communicate with host B, host C, or RouterA. A ping command on host A to 127.0.0.1 succeeds. The NIC link indicator on host A is illuminated. Temporarily, the administrator removes the cable from host A and uses the LAN cable from host B to connect from host A to port 1 on the switch. While using the substitute cable, host A can communicate with host C and RouterA. At which layer of the OSI model was the problem occurring? *physical ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What type of cable connects the two routers together without any intermediary device? *crossover ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. What is an advantage of using this type of topology? *Network communication continues in the event of a break. ==================================================== Refer to the exhibit. Host A is being manually configured for connectivity to the LAN. Which two addressing scheme combinations are possible configurations that can be applied to the host for connectivity? (Choose two.) *Address - 192.168.1.82 Gateway - 192.168.1.65 *Address - 192.168.1.70 Gateway - 192.168.1.65 ==================================================== Which of the following devices extend a collision domain? (Choose two.) *hub *bridge-(check) *repeater ==================================================== A technician needs to connect a FastEthernet port from a router to a FastEthernet port on a switch. The graphic shows the RJ-45 cable ends for a patch cable. What result can be expected if this cable is used for the link? *The cable will be able to pass traffic between the devices. ==================================================== CCNA answer Final1 Convert the binary number 10111010 into its hexadecimal equivalent. Select the correct answer from the list below.
85
90 * BA A1 B3 1C 2 Convert the Hexadecimal number A2 into its Base 10 equivalent. Select the correct answer from the list below.
156
158 160 * 162 164 166 3 Select the necessary information that is required to compute the estimated time it would take to transfer data from one location to another. (Choose two.)
* file size
data format network in use type of medium * bandwidth of the link 4 Using the data transfer calculation T=S/BW, how long would it take a 4MB file to be sent over a 1.5Mbps connection?
52.2 seconds
* 21.3 seconds 6.4 seconds 2 seconds 0.075 seconds 0.0375 seconds 5 What are features of the TCP/IP Transport layer? (Choose two.)
path determination
handles representation, encoding and dialog control * uses TCP and UDP protocols packet switching * reliability, flow control and error correction 6 Which combinations of charges will be repelled by electric force? (Choose two.)
neutral and neutral
neutral and positive neutral and negative * positive and positive positive and negative * negative and negative 7 Which of the following are considered the best electrical conductors for use in data network communications? (Choose three.)
glass fibers
* copper * gold plastic silicon * silver 8 During cable testing, which of the following are used to calculate the information carrying capacity of a data cable? (Choose two.)
bit speed
* attenuation wire map saturation limit * analog bandwidth 9 The highest capacity Ethernet technologies should be implemented in which areas of a network? (Choose three.)
between workstation and backbone switch
between individual workstations * between backbone switches * between enterprise server and switch * on aggregate access links 10 What device must be used between an AUI port of a networking device and the media to which it is being connected?
a transducer
a transmitter * a transceiver a transponder a port replicator 11 An ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) is composed of how many signaling channels?
* 1
2 3 4 12 Which of the following items are common to all 100BASE technologies? (Choose three.)
* frame format
media connectors * timing * multi-part encoding 13 Which of the following does 1000BASE-T use to accomplish gigabit speeds on Cat 5e cable?
the use of four conductors in full-duplex mode
the use of two multiplexed pairs of wires, simultaneously the use of three pairs of wires for data and the fourth for stabilization and forward error correction * the use of all four pairs of wires in full-duplex mode, simultaneously 14 For which of the following is Ethernet considered the standard? (Choose three.)
* inter-building connection
mid-length voice video conferencing * vertical wiring * horizontal wiring diagonal wiring 15 John has been hired as the network administrator of a local company and has decided to add more hubs to the company's existing network. Which of the following has been caused by John's inexperience?
* collision domain extended
an increased number of collision domains increased network performance increased bandwidth extended bandwidth 16 "CompA" is trying to locate a new computer named "CompB" on the network. Which of the following does "CompA" broadcast to find the MAC address of "CompB"?
MAC request
* ARP request ping Telnet proxy ARP 17 Which of the following is a term associated with replacing hubs with switches to increase the number of collision domains?
encapsulation
latency * segmentation layered model broadcast domain extended 18 The accumulation of traffic from which of the following can cause a network condition called broadcast radiation? (Choose three.)
anonymous FTP servers
telnet sessions * video over IP applications NAS services * ARP requests * RIP updates 19 Which of the following describes the use of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?
resolve routing loops
eliminate Split Horizon errors limit collisions * resolve switching loops 20 Which term describes an ARP response by a router on behalf of a requesting host?
ARP
RARP * Proxy ARP Proxy RARP 21 Which OSI layer encapsulates data into packets?
session
transport * network data link 22 Which OSI layer defines the functions of a router?
physical
data link * network transport session 23 Which of the following are Cisco proprietary routing protocols? (Choose two.)
RIPv2
* IGRP OSPF BGP RIPv1 * EIGRP 24 A company with a Class B license needs to have a minimum of 1,000 subnets with each subnet capable of accommodating 50 hosts. Which mask below is the appropriate one?
255.255.0.0
255.255.240.0 255.255.255.0 * 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 25 A small company has a class C network license and needs to create five usable subnets, each subnet capable of accommodating at least 20 hosts. Which of the following is the appropriate subnet mask?
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.192 * 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 26 When a network administrator applies the subnet mask 255.255.255.248 to a Class A address, for any given subnet, how many IP addresses are available to be assigned to devices?
1022
510 254 126 30 * 6 27 If a network administrator needed to download files from a remote server, which protocols could the administrator use to remotely access those files? (Choose two.)
NFS
ASCII * TFTP IMAP * FTP UDP 28 What is established during a connection-oriented file transfer between computers? (Choose two.) a temporary connection to establish authentication of hosts
* a connection used for ASCII or binary mode data transfer a connection used to provide the tunnel through which file headers are transported a command connection which allows the transfer of multiple commands directly to the remote server system * a control connection between the client and server 29 Which of the following protocols are used for e-mail transfer between clients and servers? (Choose three.)
TFTP
SNMP * POP3 * SMTP * IMAP4 postoffice 30 What type of wiring problem is depicted in this sample of a cable tester?
a fault
a short * an open a split a good map 31 Which layer of the OSI model covers physical media?
* Layer 1
Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 32 What type of network cable is used between a terminal and a console port?
cross-over
straight-through * rollover patch cable 33 What does the "10" in 10Base2 indicate about this version of Ethernet?
The version uses Base10 numbering within the frames.
* The version operates at a transmission rate of 10 Mbps. Frames can travel 10 meters unrepeated. The maximum frame length is 10 octets. 34 How is a MAC address represented? four groups of eight binary digits separated by a decimal point
four Base10 digits separated by a decimal point six hexadecimal digits * twelve hexadecimal digits twenty-four Base10 digits 35 To make sure timing limitations are not violated when implementing a 10 Mbps Ethernet network involving hubs or repeaters, a technician should adhere to which rule?
the 4-5-3 rule
the 6-4-2 rule the 3-4-5 rule * the 5-4-3 rule 36 Which of the following wireless standards increased transmission capabilities to 11 Mbps?
802.11a
* 802.11b 802.11c 802.11d 37 Which protocol functions at the internet layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite?
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) * Internet Protocol (IP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) 38 Which of these workstation installation and setup tasks are concerned with network access layer functions? (Choose two.)
configuring the e-mail client
* installing NIC drivers configuring IP network settings * connecting the network cable using FTP to download application software updates 39 Which part of an IP address identifies a specific device on a network?
first two octets
third and fourth octets network portion * host portion only the fourth octet 40 Which of the following are features of the Internet Protocol (IP)? (Choose two.)
* It is the most widely implemented global addressing scheme.
It allows two hosts to share a single address on a local area network. * It is a hierarchical addressing scheme allowing addresses to be grouped. It is only locally significant, used primarily on local area networks. 41 In a new network installation, the network administrator has decided to use a medium that is not affected by electrical noise. Which cable type will best meet this standard?
coaxial
screened twisted pair shielded twisted pair unshielded twisted pair * fiber optic 42 What is the recommended maximum number of workstations configured on a peer-to-peer network?
25
15 * 10 5 2 43 What is the maximum distance that 10BASE-T will transmit data before signal attenuation affects the data delivery?
* 100 meters
185 meters 300 meters 500 meters 44 Which type of institution does the domain suffix .org represent?
government
education network * non-profit 45 Which of the following services is used to translate a web address into an IP address?
* DNS
WINS DHCP Telnet 46 Which part of the URL http://www.awsb.ca/teacher gives the name of the domain?
www
http:// /teacher * awsb.ca 47 Which of the following will test the internal loopback of a node?
ping 10.10.10.1
ping 192.168.1.1 * ping 127.0.0.1 ping 223.223.223.223 ping 255.255.255.255 48 Which of the following is the Layer 4 PDU?
bit
frame packet * segment 49 Which of the following are small, discrete components found within a personal computer? (Choose three.)
* transistor
microprocessor power supply * capacitor * light emitting diode hard disk 50 What is important to remember about the data link layer of the OSI model when considering Peer to Peer communication? (Choose three.)
It links data to the transport layer.
It encapsulates frames into packets. * It provides a service to the network layer. * It encapsulates the network layer information into a frame. * Its header contains a physical address which is required to complete the data link functions. It encodes the data link frame into a pattern of 1s and 0s (bits) for transmission on the medium. 51 Which of the following are useable Class A IP addresses with a default subnet mask? (Choose three.)
127.0.39.1
* 111.9.28.30 * 123.1.2.132 128.50.38.2 * 105.1.34.1 0.23.92.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Which of the following OSI layers offers reliable, connection-oriented data communication services? application
presentation
session
*transport
network
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Router interface Ethernet 0 has been assigned the IP address 10.172.192.168 255.255.255.240. What is the network IP address of this interface? 10.0.0.0
10.172.0.0
10.172.192.0
*10.172.192.160
10.172.192.168
10.172.192.175
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Examine the graphic with current configurations. The New York Offices of ABC Company recently upgraded the computers in the administrative office. Shortly after the upgrade, Host A in the clerical office failed and was replaced with one of the retired administrative office computers. However, the computer can not access the company network in the new location. What is the likely cause of this network access issue for Host A? MAC address incorrectly entered
*default gateway incorrectly entered
subnet mask incorrectly entered
IP address incorrectly entered
4
Which of the following increases the potential for a collision to occur? the use of an active hub instead of an intelligent hub
the use of an intelligent hub instead of an active hub
a reduction in the number of devices attached to the hub
*an increase in the number of devices attached to the hub *
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 What is attenuation? opposition to the flow of current
measurement of electrical signals relative to time
*degradation of a signal as it travels along the medium
amount or volume of traffic that is flowing on the medium
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Two peer hosts are running applications that exchange data using UDP. During the current session, a datagram fails to arrive at the destination. What is true concerning the retransmission of the datagram? Datagram retransmission occurs when the retransmission timer expires in the source host.
Datagram retransmission occurs when the retransmission timer expires in the destination host.
*Datagram retransmission is controlled by the application layer protocol.
Datagram retransmission involves only the data with sequence numbers equal to or higher than the sequence number of the current datagram.
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 What is significant about the ping 127.0.0.1 command? *It verifies the operation of the TCP/IP protocol stack on a host and is called an internal loopback test.
It verifies connection to the remote host with the IP address 127.0.0.1.
It verifies whether the router that connects the local network to other networks can be reached.
It verifies the route packets take between the local host and the host with the IP address 127.0.0.1.
8
Which LAN switching mode has the highest latency? fast forward
fragment-free
latency forwarding *store-and-forward -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Which of the following application layer protocols use UDP segments? (Choose two.) *DNS
FTP
Telnet
*TFTP
SMTP
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Which cable specifications are indicated by 100BASE-T? 100-Mbps transmission speed, baseband signal, coaxial cable
100-Mbps transmission speed, broadband signal, twisted-pair cable
*100-Mbps transmission speed, baseband signal, twisted-pair cable
Equal to 10-Gbps transmission speed, baseband signal, twisted-pair cable
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 When is a crossover cable used in a network? when connecting a host to the router console port
when connecting a host to a switch
*when connecting a host to a host
when connecting a switch to a router
12
Refer to the graphic. What must be configured on Host A to allow it communicate with the e-mail server? (Choose three.) IP address *
subnet mask *
default gateway *
router name
switch name
NetBIOS name address
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Which cable diagram displays the end to end pinout for a crossover cable used with Cisco devices? Cable A
Cable B
*Cable C
Cable D
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Which type of address is 192.168.17.134/29? *host address
network address
broadcast address
multicast address
15
How many collision domains are shown in the diagram? three
four
five
six
*seven
eight
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 When is a straight-through cable used in a network? when connecting a router through the console port
when connecting one switch to another switch
*when connecting a host to a switch
when connecting a router to another router
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 How does network cable length affect attenuation? Category 5 cable that is run in metal conduit has the highest attenuation in the shortest distance.
Shorter cable lengths have greater signal attenuation.
*Longer cable lengths have greater signal attenuation.
The length of the cable has no effect on signal attenuation.
18
Which of the following statements are correct about CSMA/CD? (Choose three.) It is a media access method used in LANs. *
It is a media access method used in FDDI WANs.
When a device needs to transmit, it checks to see if the media is available. *
A device sends data without checking media availability because all devices have equal access. Multiple devices can successfully transmit simultaneously.
*Only one device can successfully transmit at a time.
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Which of the following must be present for current to flow? (Choose three.) *closed loop
bit-generating device
insulating material
*source of voltage
*load
switch
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 If Host A pings Host B through a newly installed switch with no entries in the MAC address table, which stations will receive the ping packet? B only
A and B
B and switch
A, B, and switch
B, C, D, and switch *
A, B, C, D, and switch
21 Which devices shown in the graphic must have a MAC address? only PC
only router
PC and router
PC, hub, and router
*PC, printer, and router
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 What kind of connection is represented in the graphic? *console connection
Ethernet connection
ISDN connection
leased line connection
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 Which of the following is the decimal representation of the binary number 11010011? 203
204
*211
212
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 Which type of cable is required to make a connection between a router console port and a PC COM port? straight-through cable
crossover cable
*rollover cable
DB-9 cable
coaxial cable
25
Determine the number of useable networks and hosts for the IP address 192.168.50.0/27 4 networks / 62 hosts
6 networks / 64 hosts
32 networks / 8 hosts
*6 networks / 30 hosts
8 networks / 32 hosts
2 networks / 8 hosts
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 A network administrator is placing an older router back in to service. The administrator discovered that the IOS and configuration files need to be updated to meet the LAN specifications. Which application layer protocol is used to transfer the new configuration files into the router memory? SNMP
SMTP
HTTP
*TFTP
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Which of the following best describes Spanning Tree Protocol? It enables a network to span across multiple physical segments.
*It enables a switch to eliminate switching loops.
It enables a switch to dynamically choose the best switch mode.
It enables a switch to perform as a router.
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 Which of the following subnet masks could be used when subnetting a Class B IP address? (Choose two.) 255.0.0.0
*255.255.0.0
255.192.255.0
255.224.0.0
*255.255.252.0
255.255.255.128
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 How is data encapsulated as it is moved down the OSI model? data, segments, frames, packets, bits
data, packets, segments, frames, bits
*data, segments, packets, frames, bits
data, packets, frames, segments, bits
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 Which of the following describes latency? the noise generated from outside a cable
the degradation of a signal as it travels along the media
the time required for a NIC to place a frame on the network media
*the delay between the time a frame leaves its source device and reaches its destination
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 Which of the following is the binary representation of the decimal number 111? *01101111
01111101
11110111
11101101
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 Which LAN switching mode begins switching after reading only the first 64 bytes of the frame? fast forward
*fragment-free
latency forwarding
store-and-forward
33
When using Category 5 UTP cable, which RJ-45 pin pairs are used to exchange data between hosts on an Ethernet network? 1 and 2; 4 and 5
1 and 2; 3 and 6 *
3 and 6; 7 and 8
4 and 5; 7 and 8
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 Which of the following commands could be used on a Windows-based computer to view the current IP configuration of the system? (Choose two.) configip
ifconfig
*ipconfig
*winipcfg
winipconfig
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 Which type of address is 192.168.17.111/28? host address
network address
*broadcast address
multicast address
36
Which of the following networking devices increase the number of collision domains? (Choose three.) *switch
hub *router repeater *bridge -------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 What information can be determined from the MAC addresses of PC1, PC2, and PC3, as shown in the graphic? (Choose two.) PC1 and PC2 NICs need to be replaced because they have the same OUI identifier.
PC2 and PC3 NICs need to be replaced because they have different OUI identifiers.
*PC1 and PC2 NICs are from the same vendor.
PC1 and PC3 NICs need to be replaced because they have the same vendor-assigned address.
*PC2 and PC3 NICs are from different vendors.
PC2 and PC3 NICs are from the same vendor.
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 Which of the following are considered WAN technologies? (Choose two.) *DSL
Ethernet
Wireless Ethernet
*T1-Carrier
Token Ring
39 which one of the router connectors shown in the graphic would be used for a LAN connection? Connector A
Connector B
*Connector C
Connector D
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 How is full-duplex capability typically achieved in fiber-optic cable? *Two fibers are encased in separate sheaths.
Light is bounced at different rates in opposite directions.
Transmit speeds are so high that half-duplex is acceptable.
Colors of the light spectrum are separated into transmit and receive streams.
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 Which of the following are characteristics of IP? (Choose three.) connection-oriented protocol
connectionless protocol*
reliable protocol
unreliable protocol *
routed protocol *
routing protocol
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 Which of the following describe the token-passing logical topology? (Choose two.) *FDDI is an example of a token-passing network.
Token-passing logical topologies must also be physical ring topologies.
One of the disadvantages of the token-passing logical topology is the high collision rate.
Computers transmit data after "listening" to the wire to detect other traffic.
*Computers are allowed to transmit data only when they possess a token.
43 What is the maximum length of a media segment used for 100BASE-TX? *100 meters
185 meters
400 meters
500 meters
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 which of the following networking devices divide a network into separate collision domains? (Choose two.) repeater
*bridge
*switch
AUI
hub
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 Which of the following are characteristics of UTP cable? (Choose three.) *Each wire is covered by insulating material.
It is not affected by EMI or RFI.
*It is a four-pair wire medium.*
It is difficult to terminate the cable.
*It relies on the cancellation effect produced by the twisted wire pairs.
It is more expensive than any other type of LAN cabling.
46
Examine the graphic with current configurations. Host A in the Clerical offices failed and was replaced. Although a ping to 127.0.0.1 was successful, the replacement computer can not access the company network. What is the likely cause of the problem? IP address incorrectly entered
network cables unplugged
*subnet mask incorrectly entered
network card failure
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 Which of the following describes a physical full-mesh topology? It requires termination at both ends of the cable.
It uses a hub or a switch as a central point to connect all wires.
*It provides maximum connectivity between all network systems.
It links all computers to a main computer that controls all traffic on the network.
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 Which two statements describe the TFTP protocol? (Choose two.) uses authenticated file transfer procedure
provides connection-oriented service
*provides connectionless service
provides more features that FTP
*lacks most of the features of FTP
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 Which of the following are transport layer protocols of the TCP/IP model? (Choose two.) FTP
*UDP SMTP TFTP *TCP 50
Which type of UTP network cable connects two Cisco switches? straight-through
*crossover
rollover
patch
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 How will the MAIN router dynamically learn a route to the 10.16.10.48/28 subnetwork in the diagram? with a routed protocol
*with a routing protocol
with a static route
with a directly connected route
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 Which of the following describes the RIP version 1 routing protocol? Cisco proprietary hybrid protocol
*distance vector protocol that uses hop count as the only metric *
link state protocol supporting multiple routed protocols
distance vector protocol that uses delay, bandwidth, load, and reliability metrics
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 How many broadcast domains are shown in the diagram? *three
four
five
six
seven
eight
54 Which of the following are advantages of UTP cable? (Choose three.) *less expensive than fiber optic
*flexible and easy to run in a building
distance between signal boosts is longer than it is for coaxial
*transmits data at a faster rate than any copper-based media
receives less RMF and EMI interference than other types -------------------------------------------------------------------- Which of the following devices extend a collision domain? (choose 2) *-hub *-repeater 猴子的故事把五只猴子关在一个笼子里，上头有一串香蕉实验人员装了一个自动装置。 一旦侦测到有猴子要去拿香蕉，马上就会有水喷向笼子，而这五只猴子都会一身湿。 首先有只猴子想去拿香蕉，当然，结果就是每只猴子都淋湿了。 之後每只猴子在几次的尝试后，发现莫不如此。 于是猴子们达到一个共识：不要去拿香蕉，以避免被水喷到。 后来实验人员把其中的一只猴子释放，换进去一只新猴子A。 这只猴子A看到香蕉，马上想要去拿。 结果，被其他四只猴子海K了一顿。 因为其他四只猴子认为猴子A会害他们被水淋到，所以制止他去拿香蕉，A尝试了几次，虽被打的满头包，依然没有拿到香蕉。 当然，这五只猴子就没有被水喷到。 后来实验人员再把一只旧猴子释放，换上另外一只新猴子B。 这猴子B看到香蕉，也是迫不及待要去拿。 当然，一如刚才所发生的情形，其他四只猴子海K了B一顿。 特别的是，那只A猴子打的特别用力（这叫老兵欺负新兵，或是媳妇熬成婆^O^）。 B猴子试了几次总是被打的很惨，只好作罢。 后来慢慢的一只一只的，所有的旧猴子都换成新猴子了，大家都不敢去动那香蕉。 但是他们都不知道为什么，只知道去动香蕉会被猴扁。 这就是道德的起源。 －阶级的起源－ 实验人员继续他们的实验，不过这一次他们改变了喷水装置。 一旦侦测到有猴子要去拿香蕉，马上就会有水喷向拿香蕉的猴子，而不是全体。 然后实验人员又把其中的一只猴子释放，换进去一只新猴子C。 不同以往的是猴子C特别的孔武有力。 当然猴子C看到香蕉，也马上想要去拿。 一如以前所发生的情形，其他四只猴子也想海K猴子C一顿。 不过他们错误估计了C的实力，所以结果是反被C海K了一顿。 于是猴子C拿到了香蕉，当然也被淋了个透湿。 C一边打着喷嚏一边吃着香蕉，美味但是也美中不足。 A、B、D、E没有香蕉吃却也比较快乐，毕竟没有被淋到嘛。 后来C发现只有拿香蕉的那个才会被淋到，他就要最弱小的A替他去拿。 A不想被K，只好每天拿香蕉然后被水淋。 B、D、E越发的快乐了起来，这就叫比上不足，比下有余嘛 于是五只猴子有了三个阶级。 这下子阶级也随着道德起源了。 －道德的沦丧－ 天变热了，笼子里的猴子们想冲凉却找不到地方。终于出现了一位反潮流英雄，猴子HERO。HERO在无意中碰到了香蕉，理所当然的引来了一顿饱打。但在挨打的过程中，猴子们享受到了冲凉的乐趣。等身上的水干了之后，猴子A在无意中碰撞了HERO，使HERO又一次接触到了香蕉，于是，猴子们享受了第二次冲凉，HERO遭到了第二次痛殴。 在此之后，只要大家有冲凉的需要，就会有一只猴子X挺身而出，对HERO进行合理冲撞。 大家对HERO的态度也有了明显的不同，在平时大家会对HERO异常温和，以弥补在冲凉时为维护规则而不得不对它进行的暴力举动。 一天，在大家冲凉时，饱受折磨的HERO闻到了香蕉的清香,生物本能使它在别的猴子心有旁鹜时将香蕉吃了。而且此后没有了新的香蕉来填补空缺。猴子们陷入了另一个尴尬境地：没有冲凉的水，也没有香蕉，只有HERO。 于是，另一个规则形成了。猴子在烦躁的时候会痛打HERO出气，HERO不得反抗。 当笼子里的旧猴子被新猴子换掉时，新猴子会在最快的时间内学会殴打HERO。 终于有一天，老天有眼，历尽沧桑的HERO被另一只猴子代替了。猴子们失去了发泄的对象，只能任意选取一个目标进行攻击。从此以后，笼子里的猴子们不吃不喝不冲凉，唯一的举动就是打架。 这就是道德的沦丧。 －道德的重建－ 实验人员对猴子们的争斗不休感到不安。为了重建道德秩序，他们决定继续供应香蕉。 一天，正在混战的猴子们发现头顶多了一串香蕉，它们其中的一个A不顾身上的剧痛，把香蕉摘了下来。于是久违的甘露出现了，未曾尝过甜头的猴子们先是茫然失措，继而争先恐后的加入冲凉的行列。香蕉反而被遗忘了。当猴子B、C、D、E发现A在享受淋浴的同时还吃着美味的香蕉，嫉妒心使它们暂时团结起来，共同K了A一顿，将A吃剩的香蕉夺过来，但是，此刻的香蕉成了匹夫怀里的宝玉，得到它的猴子虽然可以享受美味，但付出的代价也是巨大的。 实验人员不断放入香蕉，却发现战斗比以前更激烈了。分析清楚原因后，他们用木头做了一个假香蕉扔进了笼子。此时猴子们已经学聪明了，它们知道触摸香蕉可以享淋浴，而试图独占香蕉则会遭到痛扁。于是，一个新的现象出现了，当猴子们有冲凉的需要时，会有一只猴子将香蕉拿起来，而当它发现有遭到攻击的可能时，它会马上放下香蕉逃到一边去。这样，猴子们都能冲凉，但是又不至于再象以前那样N败俱伤。 没有猴子发现那个香蕉是假的。 －信仰的起源－ 五只猴子A、B、C、D、E三个阶级快乐地生活了很久。 他们精确的给出了三个阶级的定义，即吃香阶级、拿香阶级和干看着阶级。 可惜猴子A由于长期的水中作业无可避免地引发了它肺部功能的衰竭。 一天他在例行的拿香蕉作业中跌倒了就再也没有爬起来。 于是实验人员又送进了一只同样孔武有力的猴F。 当然他还是对屋顶的香蕉很有兴趣。 不幸的是他最终以微弱的劣势被以C为首的群猴再次海K。 第二天，又到了拿香蕉的时候。 猴子C很无所谓，反正他还要吃香蕉，反正他不会被水淋到。 真正恐慌的是B、D、E三猴。 F是那么的健壮，他们这些媳妇是熬不成婆了 他们将面临一个艰难的抉择，谁该去步A的后尘? 猴子B、D、E展开了激烈的争论，讨论谁最应该做下一个拿香阶级。 猴子F很奇怪也很好奇，什么叫“拿香阶级”呢？ 猴子B、D、E解释道：所谓“拿香阶级”就是猴子界勇敢者的阶级。 需具备一不怕苦二不怕死的大无畏精神方能得此殊荣。 猴子F闻听不禁有些神往，有些跃跃欲试。 当然他最终达到了目的，作了唯一的拿香阶级。 再后来，B、D、E三猴陆续被换出局，换来的猴子个个健壮如C。 他们继续大大出手，不过目标不是香蕉，而是那个唯一的拿香阶级。 于是信仰也出现了 －迷信的起源－ 后来Ａ终于被好心的实验人员拉出了苦海。 新来了猴子F。 Ｃ觉得有必要维护自己的阶级地位，Ｂ、Ｄ、Ｅ则生怕自己顶了Ａ的缸……在各种复杂心情的作用下，B、Ｄ、Ｅ在Ｃ的带领下爆扁了F一顿，然后强令Ｆ做拿香蕉阶级。 Ｆ开始不乐意，后来慢慢在Ｂ等的劝说下等“待多年的媳妇熬成婆”这一宿命。 慢慢的老资格的Ｂ、Ｄ、Ｅ猴子渐渐被淘汰，Ｃ发现自己在体力上不再占有优势，很难再通过武力让这一游戏规则继续下去，觉得十分苦恼。 这时，一只最有希望升级为吃香蕉阶级（暨Ｃ的理所当然接班人）也是Ｃ谋臣的Ｈ向Ｃ进言。于是君臣定计。 Ｈ开始依靠自己多懂几种猴语而在其他若干猴面前树立的权威形象向其他猴鼓吹：“每一只新来笼子的猴子都是有罪的，这种罪责来自血统。……只有摘香蕉的猴子才能被（实验人员）送到天堂。” 事实上，因为被水冲很容易得肺炎病倒而被实验人员淘汰掉，猴子们不知道反而以为被淘汰的猴子真的进了天堂。 渐渐，猴子都相信了这套理论，并且讲给每一只新猴子听。 然后就这么流传下去越传越神奇。以至于后来摘香蕉阶级的猴子都为了能摘香蕉而大打出手。…… 这些都是Ｃ没有想到，Ｈ没有看到的，那时他们都已经死了。 然而迷信就这么诞生了 Hello ProjectHello! Project，中文一般译为早安家族，是日本著名经纪公司UFA（Up-Front Agency）旗下的巨型女子流行歌曲偶像团体，以早安少女组为旗舰（惟近年情况开始有变），其他单位尚包括个人歌手松浦亚弥、前田有纪，以及一些其他组合，包括乡村少女组、椰果少女组、哈密瓜记念日、W和美勇传等，另有由十五名女小学生组成的歌唱组合Hello! Project Kids（其中八位成员另外再组成Berryz工房，另外七人则另外组成℃-ute）。部份成员分别红成一队女子足垒球队Metro Rabbits H.P.，以及一队女子足球队Gatas Brilhantes H.P.。除此之外，Hello! Project尚有数十位“准成员”正接受训练并等候出道。 由于Hello! Project成员人数众多，兼且全部是女生，并极具人气，以上特征皆足以跟专产男艺人的Johnny's事务所分庭抗礼，故被誉为“女版Johnny's”。 组成背景及团名由来 在1997年，东京电视台在其综艺节目《五花八门浅草桥》（ASAYAN）中，举办一个称为《射乱Q摇滚女主唱选拔赛》，当时由平家充代胜出，及五位落败者——中泽裕子、石黑彩、福田明日香、安倍夏美及饭田圭织被现时的经理人提出出道可能,在另一电视节目里贩卖得指定数目所能出道。组成早安少女组。后来，UFA为平家充代和早安少女组。成立联合歌迷会“Hello!”，后来与包括乡村少女组、椰果少女组、太阳与月亮（T&C Bomber）等其他相关组合改组成现时的Hello! Project，并不断发展成现时的形态。 Hello! Project本来一直以早安少女组。为旗舰，惟随著其较为资深的成员先后离队成为个人歌手，近年情况开始有变，各单位的发片率及曝光率逐步变得平均。 目前成员 组合
个人歌手
期间限定组合
特别企划组合与个人
早安少女组。的久住小春在动画“偶像宣言”以主角月岛星璃(月島きらり)的身分演唱主题曲。 体育活动
前成员单位已脱离Hello! Project之个人歌手
现已终止活动的组合（由于以下组合已终止活动，故成员名单从略） 终于会打领带了~~~~今天终于会自己打了,虽然学了老半天,但还是学会了,哈哈
温莎结的打法图解
1. 开始时领带的大领应该放在您的右边，而小领则应该放在您的左边。
2. 把大领跨在小领之上，形成三个区域（左、右、中）。
3. 把大领翻到小领之下，到达中区域。
4. 把大领翻出至右区域。
5. 把大领从小领之下由右翻到左。
6. 把大领翻上到中区域。
7. 把大领从领带结之下由中翻到右。
8. 把大领翻到前面至左区域。
9. 把大领翻到小领之下，由左至中。
10. 把大领穿过前面的圈，并束紧领带结。
Homework Project~~~~!!!!过年的作业回到学校就开始补,补啊~~~补啊~~~~补啊补.......补到现在都没有补完....
做完一个就多出两个作业来,书都没有时间看.
转眼之间,CCNA已经第九次作业了,偶还在第六个待着,连夜看书,待早上一开网就搞定两次作业.结果还令人满意.
OS那个作业啊,也算是赶完了,现在就剩看书和等待第六次作业了.不过再过一周就要考试了,不看也不行啊,貌似之后再过3周就要期末考了....
人机交互有Project了,40分啊,不做必定挂课,加油了,頑張れ！！
先报道着这里. 美国游戏分级组织ESRB美国游戏分级组织ESRB资料介绍 ESRB（http://www.esrb.org/）：全称Entertainment Software Rating Board（娱乐软件分级审查协会）。协会成立于一九九四年，针对北美地区的电脑游戏及电视游戏执行分级评定。ESRB分级评定分为两部分，一为分级象征——该游戏适宜的游戏人群进行年龄限制；二为内容描述，显示该游戏的游戏内容。根据这些要素在游戏中的表现程度，美国将电玩分为：
当游戏正式发行以后，发行商需要给ESRB一份正式的版本。游戏的包装将被从新的考虑，ESRB的专家将玩这款游戏去保证所有的评估是完全和正确的。 ESRB评估员的身份是值得信任的。这些定级者代表着具有广泛背景、种族和年龄层的玩家，并且与互动娱乐业无关。他们包括退休的学校校长、家长、专家和其它领域的个人。 定级目的 包装盒的正面有ESRB的等级标志，这一标志显示了该游戏所适合的年龄段范围； ·Animated Blood：出现经过脱色的血或者对血的不真实描述； ·Blood：流血场面； ·Blood and Gore：出现血和被切开的人体组织； ·Cartoon Violence：涉及卡通角色的暴力场面，可能有角色在受到攻击后安然无恙的情节； ·Comic Mischief：含有闹剧或启发性的幽默内容； ·Drug Reference：出现非法药物（毒品）； ·Edutainment：培养或者教会使用者的一些技能，产品的主要内容是针对使用者的技能发展； ·Fantasy Violence：涉及到一些包含人类或者非人类角色的暴力场景，但是很容易与真实区分； ·Informational：全部涉及产品信息资料或知道类文件； ·Intense Violence：涉及视觉上真实的肢体冲突，可能包含真实的血、受伤人体组织、武器、人类受伤或者死亡的描述； ·Language：包含少量到中量的亵渎类语言； ·Lyrics：歌词中少量涉及性、暴力、酒精或毒品； ·Mature Humor：涉及可能包含性的成人幽默； ·Mild Violence：角色将出现在不安全或暴力的场景中； ·Nudity：涉及到裸体； ·Partial Nudity：涉及少量裸体； ·Real Gambling：玩家可以赌博，包括用真钱或可流通货币打赌和下注； ·Sexual Themes：包含少量到中等的性描写，可能包含部分裸体； ·Sexual Violence：涉及强奸或其他性行为； ·Simulated Gambling：玩家可以在不使用真钱或可流通货币打赌和下注的情况下赌博； ·Some Adult Assistance May Be Needed：可能需要家长辅助，适合低龄儿童； ·Strong Language：直接和频繁的出现亵渎的语言； ·Strong Lyrics：直接和频繁的在歌词中涉及性、暴力、酒精或毒品； ·Strong Sexual Content-画面涉及或描述可能包含裸体的性行为； ·Suggestive Themes：少量可能引起争论的内容或资料； ·Tobacco Reference：包含烟草产品的画面； ·Use of Drugs：涉及使用毒品； ·Use of Tobacco：涉及消费烟草产品； ·Violence：涉及恶意伤害冲突的画面； 编译/www.idggame.com.cn|xly747 硬盘分区修复全攻使用计算机过程中在所难免会遇到各种疑难杂症，如果硬盘分区出现故障怎么办呢? 由于分区故障，很有可能开启计算机时无法进入熟悉的Windows界面，甚至通过系统启动盘也无法正常识别硬盘，这时候大家肯定都会束手无策吧。 如果贸然对硬盘进行重新分区操作，固然能够彻底解决问题，不过硬盘中的所有重要资料也会随之灰飞烟灭。如果你不幸遇到硬盘的分区故障，先别急着重新分区，按照下文介绍的方法来尝试一下，没准儿会有个意外的惊喜呢。 分区表故障急救策略 1.查杀病毒 如果是由于引导区病毒造成分区表故障，则可以借助KV3000、瑞星、金山等杀毒软件提供的引导软盘启动计算机，接着在DOS环境中对系统进行病毒查杀操作。比如用KV3000的引导盘启动计算机之后输入“KV3000/K”命令进行病毒扫描，如果发现引导区存在病毒，则程序会自动进行查杀清理，建议同时对整个系统进行完整的扫描以查找出隐藏的病毒。一般说来，将引导区中残留的病毒清除之后即可恢复计算机的正常使用。 提示：使用软盘引导计算机之前一定要将软盘的写保护关闭，否则有可能导致病毒感染软盘。 2.用Fdisk命令修复 Fdisk不仅是一个分区程序，它还有着非常便捷的恢复主引导扇区功能，而且它只修改主引导扇区，对其他扇区并不进行写操作，因此对于那些还在使用Windows 9x的朋友而言无疑是个非常理想的分区表修复工具。通过Fdisk修复主引导区的时候，先用Windows 98启动盘启动系统，在提示符下输入“Fdisk /mbr”命令即可覆盖主引导区记录。 提示：“Fdisk /mbr”命令只是恢复主分区表，并不会对它重新构建，因此只适用于主引导区记录被引导区型病毒破坏或主引导记录代码丢失，但主分区表并未损坏的情况使用。而且这个命令并不适用于清除所有引导型病毒，因此使用的时候需要注意。 3.用Fixmbr修复引导记录 在Windows 2000/XP中，我们一般会用到故障恢复控制台集成的一些增强命令，比如Fixmbr用于修复和替换指定驱动器的主引导记录、Fixboot用于修复知道驱动器的引导扇区、Diskpart能够增加或者删除硬盘中的分区、Expand可以从指定的CAB源文件中提取出丢失的文件、Listsvc可以创建一个服务列表并显示出服务当前的启动状态、Disable和Enable分别用于禁止和允许一项服务或者硬件设备等等，而且输入“help”命令可以查看到所有的控制命令以及命令的详细解释。 比如输入“fixmbr”命令可以让控制台对当前系统的主引导记录进行检查，然后在“确定要写入一个新的主启动记录吗?”后面输入“Y”进行确认，这样就完成了主引导记录的修复。 4.更换工具调整分区 在删除分区或者是重新创建分区的时候，如果遇到意外原因死机或断电，这时候再使用原先的工具可能无法识别当前硬盘的分区表，必须更换另外一款分区表软件进行修复。比如我们通过Fdisk分区时意外死机，这时候再通过Fdisk就无法顺利进行，可以采用PQMagic之类的第三方分区软件解决。另外需要提醒大家注意的是，分区表对于系统的正常稳定运行影响非常大，一般情况下最好不要采用DM之类快速分区格式化软件，否则有可能导致后期使用过程中频频出现意想不到的麻烦。 5.通过KV3000硬盘救护王修复 KV3000硬盘救护王是KV3000套件中提供的一款硬盘急救软件，在分区表出现故障的时候可以通过它进行修复。用KV3000软盘引导计算机之后，在DOS提示符状态下输入“KV3000”命令，并且从出现的主菜单中按下“F10”键，此时可以看见程序对系统的有关参数和硬盘分区表快速测试的画面。如果硬盘分区表正常，则会显示“Hard Disk Partition table - OK”信息，否则会依据分区表故障类型给出相应的信息，这时可以按下“F6”按钮查看硬盘分区表，或者直接按下“Y”按钮进行引导扇区的修复操作。而且为了安全起见，程序在修复前会让你先备份当前的硬盘分区表，然后才会真正对硬盘分区表进行修复操作。 提示：但是如果硬盘只有一个分区，而且文件分配表和文件根目录表已经被病毒严重破坏，那么即使恢复了C盘分区表也不能使C盘引导，此时需要手工配合其他专用修复软件来恢复数据。如果还有D、E等扩展分区，KV3000一般都能找回后面没有被破坏的分区并重建一个新的硬盘主分区表，这时再用DOS系统软盘引导计算机就可进入硬盘的D、E等分区。 虽然分区表故障属于系统软故障，也可以通过上述提及的方法进行尝试性修复，但这毕竟不是灵丹妙药，对于一些破坏性非常强的分区表病毒或者是由于其它原因导致分区表损坏，这时只能通过重新对硬盘分区来解决。 用KV3000备份恢复分区表 KV3000虽然是个防杀病毒软件，它也具有非常强的分区修复的能力，而且它还能进行系统分区的备份。这样，即使硬盘上的分区表全部损坏，我们还能用备份在软盘上的分区表进行修复。 1.备份硬盘主引导记录 通过KV3000备份的时候，事先要确认计算机中没有病毒，接着用KV3000软盘引导计算机并输入“KV3000/B”命令，此时程序将向A盘备份一个无病毒的硬盘主引导信息文件，备份的文件有2个，其文件名称分别是HDPT.DAT和HFBOOT.DAT。 但是需要提醒大家注意的是，备份得到的硬盘主引导信息只适用于这款硬盘以及当前的分区模式，如果用于不同容量或者相同容量但是分区模式不同的硬盘，将会对硬盘的分区表造成破坏，因此建议备份之后，在软盘的标签上写明机器型号、硬盘容量、分区大小等信息后保存。 2.恢复硬盘主引导记录 当硬盘主引导信息被病毒破坏或主引导记录损坏，硬盘不能启动时，就可以使用干净的系统盘启动。在KV3000的A盘下输入“KV3000/HDPT.DAT”，这样就能将备份在软盘上的原主引导信息内容恢复到硬盘中，不过恢复用的备份文件必须是从该硬盘上备份的，这样可以解决大部分主引导信息损坏、系统不能启动的问题。同样需要提醒大家注意的是，恢复硬盘主引导记录的时候不要将它用于其他硬盘，而且在硬盘重新分区时也不能进行恢复操作。 用Disk Genius备份恢复分区表 Disk Genius不仅提供了诸如建立、激活、删除、隐藏分区之类的基本硬盘分区管理功能，还具有分区表备份和恢复、分区参数修改、硬盘主引导记录修复、重建分区表等强大的分区维护功能。此外，它还具有分区格式化、分区无损调整、硬盘表面扫描、扇区拷贝、彻底清除扇区数据等实用功能。 提示：如果只是想利用Disk Genius查看、备份硬盘分区信息，可以直接在Windows下运行它，但如果涉及更改分区参数的写盘操作，则必须在纯DOS环境下运行，而且在使用前应将CMOS中的“Anti Virus”选项设为“Disable”。 运行Disk Genius后，程序将自动读取硬盘的分区信息，并在屏幕上以图表的形式显示硬盘分区情况。如图所示，这是Disk Genius检测笔者硬盘得到的分区信息结构图。其中左侧的柱状图显示硬盘上各分区的位置及大小，屏幕右侧用表格的形式显示了各分区的类型及其具体参数，包括分区的引导标志、系统标志、分区起始和终止柱面号、扇区号、磁头号。在柱状图与参数表格之间，有一个动态连线指示了它们之间的对应关系。可以通过鼠标在柱状图或表格中点击来选择一个分区，也可以用键盘上的光标移动键来选择当前分区。 需要备份分区表的时候，按下“F9”按键或者运行“工具→备份分区表”命令，并且在弹出的对话框中输入文件名即可备份当前分区表。按下“F10”按键或者运行“工具→恢复分区表”命令，然后输入文件名，软件将读入指定的分区表备份文件并更新屏幕显示，确认无误后即可将备份的分区表恢复到硬盘。 保护好分区表 由于分区表故障属于软故障，因此我们在日常使用计算机的时候需要养成正确的使用习惯，这样才能防患于未然，尽可能减少分区表出故障的可能性。 1.计算机中一定要安装杀毒软件，这不仅可以防止各种常见的病毒入侵计算机，更能够减少使用软盘或者光盘时，分区表误中病毒的可能性。而且在一般情况下，尽量不要使用来源不明的软盘与光盘。 2.新购置的硬盘建议在安装Windows 2000/XP的时候采用内置程序进行分区，或者借助Fdisk程序进行分区，尽量不要用第三方快速分区格式化一体的程序，这有可能导致日后使用计算机过程中出现故障。 3.对分区进行划分或者调整操作的时候，尽量选择电源比较稳定的时间段，有可能的情况下最好能够使用外接UPS电源。 4.在计算机稳定运行的情况下，尽可能不要对分区表进行调整和转换操作，尤其是NTFS分区，在进行上述操作之前一定要备份分区中的重要数据文件。 5.安装好操作系统之后，建议对分区表进行备份，以防出现故障时能够及时恢复。 看完上述介绍的内容之后，相信大家遇到分区表故障的时候也不会一筹莫展了吧，希望分区表故障不再困扰我们正常使用自己的计算机。 小知识 当通过Fdisk或其他分区工具对硬盘进行分区时，分区软件会在硬盘0柱面0磁头1扇区建立一个64字节的分区表，包括硬盘主引导记录MBR（Main Boot Record）和分区表DPT（Disk Partition Table）。其中主引导记录MBR的作用就是检查分区表是否正确以及确定哪个分区为引导分区，并在程序结束时把该分区的启动程序调入内存加以执行；而分区表DPT则以80H或00H为开始标志，以55AAH为结束标志，位于主引导扇区的最末端。整个分区表决定了硬盘中的分区数量，每个分区的起始及终止扇区、大小以及是否为活动分区等。 来源于网络 见字如面--------见字不如见面马上就要回家了,说不上是激动还是什么,同学都到家了。。。还真有点怕见他们。。。。
上课、考试、放假、又是上课。。。学校的安排真是太槽糕了！！！
课程的临时变动搅了我去香港的计划，555555，为什么星期六要上课啊，何必呢
原以为8号回家只会逃一节课，这下好了，要逃四节课，郁闷啊
也不知道CCNA第三周考不考试，都走的快没有人了居然还要考试；OS的课也太恐怖，第一节课就考试，除了第一个题会答，其余3个程序题就不会了（第一题选什么都是对的）。
人机交互更BT，一周一篇英文报告，还有额外的作业。最后全班本科生和老师协商达成共事，两周一篇。。。。
原以为这学期不会比上学期忙，现在看来不可能了，有一堆的Project和实验，测验。。。苦啊，这学期一定要加油！！！！
争取GPA到3。0！！！
乌龟，頑張れ~~~~ 新年第二天今天起的很早,准确的说是没有睡觉吧,貌似这学期有好几次没有睡觉,要么做作业,要么看动画,还有夜不归宿吧....
不过今天是因为赶作业,我们这些孩子...哎~~~~怎么总在交作业的前一个晚上着急做作业呢?!平时干什么了?哎~~~不是说,真的是不会做,貌似这个PROJECT我们班就出了一个版本出来,同学都变懒了,心理素质都练出来了,不担心没有人不做作业的,车到山前必有路...等版本吧
不过说来,这学期真的很少写程序了,对那些字符都有点陌生了,哎~~~~还是懒!!!!!觉得呢,程序这些东西要从实践中出发....
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新年第二天,就这么平淡的到了2007年,时间真的好快,仔细算算,在学校学习的时间已经不到一年时间了,大四下学期除了一个18的论文再没有其他科目了,大学就这样的要结束了......感觉这几年学到了什么?玩!!!这是最大的收获.....
刚看了某人的BLOG,从一月写到了十二月,很详细,也很简洁.过去的事情都过去了,脑子里要装的东西还很多,可以记忆的就让它记忆吧,不要刻意就行......不过这些也许只是借口吧.
不过前天突然想到了2004年过年的事情,那一年真的好倒霉,哎~~~好象出了两次车祸吧,好象都是我引起的,哎~~~~不爽的04年,我也就来这个人生地不熟的MACAO......
兄弟2006最后一天来了短信,惊奇!!!
班上一个女生2007第一天过了27分钟,来了一个短信,惊讶!!!
宿舍的非说我插兄弟的"刀",貌似我们最近都开始玩插刀了,不过我是无辜的.....
舍友还在睡觉,眼睛困了,不过昨天睡了N长时间,呼呼......现在是半个瞎子了,带眼镜都看不到东西了......
眼保健操现在开始........ 新年快乐~~~时间好快,最后一天了,感觉在MUST读书的时间也就一年时间了,快毕业了~~~~~
看到了毕业的学姐,学长~~~~
联系了高中的同学,悲从中来~~~~
眼睛在闪~~~ |
EC(Early Childhood)级，适合3岁以上，不含有任何家长会觉得不恰当的内容；
E(Everyone)级，适合6岁以上，含有少量的卡通、幻想、轻微暴力和温和的语言；
E10+ (Everyone 10 and older)，适合十岁以上的含有更多的卡通、幻想、轻微暴力和温和的语言，还有少量启发性的主题；
T(Teenagers)级，适合13岁以上，含有暴力、启发性的主题、黑色幽默、少量血腥场面和少量亵渎性语言；
M(Mature)级，适合17岁以上的玩家，还有强烈的暴力、血肉模糊的场面、性、和亵渎性语言；
AO(Adult Only)级，只适合18岁以上，含有大量暴力、性和裸体。
RP (Rating Pending)级，已经提交到ESRB并在等待评级结果。（只在游戏发售前的广告中出现）
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